Several theories on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis may be integrated into a single multifactorial one. According to this theory, the most probable sequence of events involved in early atherosclerosis is a vascular dysfunction or injury, monocyte and macrofage recruitment, lipid deposition, synthesis of extracellular matrix. The interaction of all these factors will create the characteristi…
Preventive measurement for Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) should be based on the etiologic aspects. Genetic factors account for 8 percent the cases, while primary environmental for only 2 percent and 90 percent pf the cases are caused by genetic-environmental interaction (multifactorial inheritance) Primary environmental factors could be reduced by vaccination of girls against Rubella and by av…
This retrospective study aimed to review the clinical features and management of patients with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD 2 degree). The subjects studied were 90 boys (39.8 percent) and 136 girls (60.2 percent), treated at the Outpatient Clinic, Cardiology Division, Department of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, from January 1, 1983 to December 31, 1992. Cl…
Heart puncture wounds are almost always fatal as these wounds lead to massive hemorrhage, dysrythmia, and tamponade or submerges the heart. Management of anesthesia of these cases consist of the standard cardiopulmonary resuciation, the maintenance of airway, adequate ventilation, and circulation by ensuring adequate fluids. Premedications is not always needed as intubation has usually been per…