Osteoporosis is characterized by lower bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitectural degeneration, which tends to increase bone fragility and fracture risk. Bone microstructure depends on interactions between the mineral atoms, which may perform substitution or incorporation into bone crystals, and may dynamically take over the function of calcium or may become a complementary part. The min…
Background: A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed as a source of ablation. The fundamental wavelength of the laser is 1064 nm, with pulse duration of 8 nanosecond operates with uniphase mode of TEM00. In the following experiments, dentin samples (without caries and plaque) are exposed to pulse laser with Q-switching effect at various energy dose. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investiga…